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Force et énergie élastique

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Force et énergie élastique

Messagepar Alban le 20/01/2011 15h46

J Strength Cond Res. 2008 Sep;22(5):1705-15.

kemistimail@gmail.com

The role of elastic energy in activities with high force and power requirements: a brief review.
Wilson JM, Flanagan EP.

Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA. jmw06x@fsu.edu

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide strength and conditioning practitioners with an understanding of the role of elastic energy in activities with high force and power requirements. Specifically, the article covers 1) the nature of elasticity and its application to human participants, 2) the role of elastic energy in activities requiring a stretch-shorten cycle such as the vertical jump, 3) the role of muscular stiffness in athletic performance, 4) the control of muscular stiffness through feedforward and feedback mechanisms, and 5) factors affecting muscular stiffness. Finally, practical applications are provided. In this section, it is suggested that the storage and reuse of elastic energy is optimized at relatively higher levels of stiffness. Because stiffness decreases as fatigue ensues as well as with stretching before an event, the article emphasizes the need for proper preparation phases in a periodized cycle and the avoidance of long static stretches before high-force activities. The importance of teaching athletes to transition from eccentric to concentric movements with minimal time delays is also proposed due to the finding that time delays appear to decrease the reuse of elastic energy. In addition to teaching within the criterion tasks, evidence is provided that minimizing transitions in plyometric training, a technique demonstrated to increase musculotendinous stiffness, can optimize power output in explosive movements. Finally, evidence is provided that training and teaching programs designed to optimize muscular stiffness may protect athletes against sports-related injuries.

PMID: 18714212



Si jamais quelqu'un peut avoir le texte complet, ça m'intéresserais d'y jeter un oeil.
Bon allez, un dernier calcul et on s'en va.
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Force et énergie élastique

Messagepar YouP le 20/01/2011 18h19

Qu'est ce qu'il te manque là car je trouves le même texte sur le net sans plus d'info?
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Messagepar xot le 20/01/2011 18h26

il veut l'article en entier. ;)

j'ai pas la license pour ces publications là, j'ai demandé à un pote en médecine il l'a pas non plus (car spécialité pas en rapport avec le sport)
il faut attendre qu'un mec qui fait des études dans la médecine sportive accède au document et veuille bien uploader le fichier.^^
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Messagepar Silver le 20/01/2011 18h27

Il manque juste l'article :lol:
Mais faut payer :idiot:
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Messagepar YouP le 20/01/2011 18h44

:lol:
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Messagepar Seb33 le 20/01/2011 21h23

ca coûte combien, on peut peut-être l'acheter à plusieurs?
Seb33
 

Force et énergie élastique

Messagepar blondin le 21/01/2011 00h24

Le plus simple, c'est de demander aux auteurs.
La plupart du temps, ils transmettent avec plaisir.
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Messagepar Michael Gundill le 21/01/2011 04h14

Un abonnement d'un an coute moins de 100€
faut que je renouvelle le mien
si tu me le rappelle, je te le filerais
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Messagepar xot le 21/01/2011 05h22

un abonnement pour les admins de SP c'est pas envisageable? financé par les bannières de pub/tshirts et cie...
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Messagepar delacouleur le 21/01/2011 06h03

Pas accès non plus, pourtant de yonsei university (plus grosse université privé de corée)
Quelle genre de boite/université s'abonne à ce périodique ?
J'ai mal de partout
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Messagepar iPod le 21/01/2011 09h09

A l'université de Lausanne ill me semble. Faudrait que je demande a mon ancien tuteur de stage. Je vous tiens au courant.
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Messagepar Alban le 21/01/2011 09h26

Merci à tous pour votre mobilisation ;)

Enfin, c'est surtout par curiosité que je voudrais voir cette article en entier, avec de la chance il va répondre à certaines de mes questions sur la modélisation de la structure des muscles d'un point de vue mécanique. Avec moins de chance, il devrait donner des références pour cela.

Sinon, je survivrais sans....
Bon allez, un dernier calcul et on s'en va.
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Messagepar delacouleur le 21/01/2011 09h38

les ref de la revue, vu qu'une revu c'est qu'un résumé de plein d'article....

J'ai testé vite fais j'ai accès à certaines, comme la première par exemple.

1. Arampatzis, A, Shade, F, Walsh, M, and Bruggemann, GP. Influence of leg stiffness and its effect on myodynamic jumping performance. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 11: 355-364, 2001.

2. Behm, DG, Bambury, A, Cahill, F, and Power, K. Effect of acute static stretching on force, balance, reaction time, and movement time. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36: 1397-1402, 2004.

3. Blackburn, JT, Riemann, BL, Padua, DA, and Guskiewicz, KM. Sex comparison of extensibility, passive, and active stiffness of the knee flexors. Clin Biomech 19: 36-43, 2004.

4. Bobbert, MF and Castus, LJ. Is the effect of a countermovement on jump height due to active state development? Med Sci Sports Exerc 37: 440-446, 2005.

5. Bobbert, MF and Van Zandwijk, JP. Dynamics of force and muscle stimulation in human vertical jumping. Med Sci Sports Exerc 3: 303-310, 1999.

6. Bonfim, TR, Jansen, PCA, and Barela, JA. Proprioceptive and behavior impairments in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed knees. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 84: 1217-1223, 2003.

7. Bosco, C, Vitasalo, JT, Komi, PV, and Luhtanen, P. Potentiation during stretch-shortening cycle exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 114: 557-565, 1982.

8. Bryan, A, Eiling, E, Murphy, A, Peterson, W, Kelly, J, and Hohmann, E. Effects of menstrual-cycle hormone fluctuations on musculotendinous stiffness and knee joint laxity: implications for ACL injuries. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37(Suppl): S334, 2005.

9. Butler, RJ, Crowell, HP, and Davis, IM. Lower extremity stiffness: implications for performance and injury. Clin Biomech 18: 511-517, 2003.

10. Cavagna, GA, Dustman, B, and Margaria, R. Positive work done by a previously stretched muscle. J Appl Physiol 24: 21-32, 1968.

11. Cavagna, GA, Komarek, L, and Mazzoleni, S. The mechanics of sprint running. J Appl Physiol 217: 709-721, 1971.

12. Cavagna, GA, Saibene, FP, and Margaria, R. Effect of negative work on the amount of positive work performed by an isolated muscle. J Appl Physiol 20: 157-158, 1965.

13. Cornwell, A, Nelson, AG, and Sidaway, B. Acute effects of stretching on the neuromechanical properties of the triceps surae muscle complex. Eur J Appl Physiol 86: 428-434, 2002.

14. Cramer, JT, Housh, TJ, Johnson, GO, Miller, M, Coburn, JW, and Beck, TW. Acute effects of static stretching on peak torque in women. J Strength Cond Res 18: 236-241, 2004.

15. Cramer, JT, Housh, TJ, Weir, JP, Johnson, GO, Coburn, JW, and Beck, TW. The acute effects of static stretching on peak torque, mean power output, electromyography, and mechanomyography. Eur J Appl Physiol 93: 530-539, 2005.

16. Dalleau, G, Belli, A, Bourdin, M, and Lacour, JR. The spring-mass model and the energy cost of treadmill running. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 77: 257-263, 1998.

17. Dutto, DJ and Smith, GA. Changes in spring-mass characteristics during treadmill running to exhaustion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34: 324-331, 2002.

18. Enoka, RM. Neuromechanics of Human Movement (3rd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2002.

19. Farley, CT, Houdijk, HP, Strien, CV, and Louie, M. Mechanism of leg stiffness adjustment for hopping on surfaces of different stiffness. J Appl Physiol 85: 1044-1055, 1998.

20. Finni, T, Ikegawa, S, Lepola, V, and Komi, P. In vivo behavior of vastus lateralis muscle during dynamic performances. Eur J Sport Sci 1: 1-13, 2001.

21. Fischer, DV. Neuromuscular training to prevent anterior cruciate ligament injury in the female athlete. Strength Cond J 28: 44-54.

22. Flanagan, EP and Harrison, AJ. Muscle dynamics differences between legs, in healthy adults. J Strength Cond Res 21: 67-72, 2007.

23. Fonseca, F, Holt, KG, Saltzman, E, and Fetters, L. A dynamical model of locomotion in spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy: influence of walking speed. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 16: 793-805, 2001.

24. Fowles, JR, Sale, DG, and MacDougall, JD. Reduced strength after passive stretch of the human plantar flexors. J Appl Physiol 89: 1179-1188, 1999.

25. Fukunaga, T, Kawakami, Y, Kubo, K, and Kanehisa, H. Muscle and tendon interaction during human movements. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 30: 106-110, 2002.

26. Fukunaga, T, Kubo, K, Kawakami, Y, Fukashiro, S, Kanehisa, H, and Maganaris, CN. In vivo behavior of human muscle tendon during walking. Proc Biol Sci 268: 1-5, 2000.

27. Granata, KP, Ikeda, AJ, and Abel, MF. Electromechanical delay and reflex response in spastic cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 81: 888-894, 2000.

28. Hay, JG. Mechanical basis of strength expression. In: Strength and Power in Sport. P.V. Komi, ed. London/Edinburgh: Boston, 1992. pp. 154-184.

29. Hedrick, A, Dahoda, J, Rogers, R, and Bennett, S. Learning from each other: plyometric training. Strength Cond J 25: 53-54, 2003.

30. Heise, GD and Martin, PE. Leg spring characteristics and the aerobic demand of running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30: 750-754, 1998.

31. Herzog, W. What is the series elastic component in skeletal muscle? J Appl Biomech 13: 443-447, 1997.

32. Hewett, TE, Lindenfeld, TN, Riccobene, JV, and Noyes, FR. The effect of neuromuscular training on the incidence of knee injury in female athletes. Am J Sports Med 27: 699-705, 1999.

33. Hill, AV. The heat of shortening and the dynamic constants of muscle. Proc R Soc Lond B 126: 136-195, 1938.

34. Holt, KG, Fonseca, ST, and Lafiandra, ME. The dynamics of gait in children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy: theoretical and clinical implications. Hum Mov Sci 19: 375-405, 2000.

35. Houk, JC. Regulation of stiffness by skeletomotor reflexes. Annu Rev Physiol 41: 99-114, 1979.

36. Hurd, WJ, Chmielewski, TL, and Snyder-Mackler, L. Perturbation-enhanced neuromuscular training alters muscle activity in female athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 14: 60-69, 2006.

37. Ishikawa, M, Komi, PV, Grey, MJ, Lepola, V, and Bruggmann, GP. Muscle-tendon interaction and elastic energy usage in human walking. J Appl Physiol 99: 603-608, 2005.

38. Kisner, C and Colby, LA. Therapeutic Exercise Foundations and Technique. Philadelphia: FA Davis, 1996.

39. Knuttgen, HG and Komi, PV. Basic definitions for exercise. In: Strength and Power in Sport. P.V. Komi, ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science. pp. 3-10, 2003.

40. Komi, PV and Gollhofer, A. Stretch reflexes can have an important role in force enhancement during SSC exercise. J Appl Biomech 13: 451-460, 1997.

41. Kryolainen, H, Komi PV, and Bell, A. I. Changes in muscle activity patterns and kinetics with increasing running speed. J Strength Cond Res 13: 400-406, 1999.

42. Kubo, K, Kanehisa, H, Takeshita, D, Kawakami, Y, Fukashiro, S, and Fukunaga, T. In vivo dynamics of human medial gastrocnemius muscle-tendon complex during stretch-shortening cycle exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 170: 127-135, 2000.

43. Kuitunen, S, Komi, PV, and Kryolainen, H. Knee and ankle joint stiffness in sprint running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34: 166-173, 2002.

44. Kurokawa, S, Fukunaga, T, and Fukashiro, S. Behavior of fascicles and tendinous structures of human gastrocnemius during vertical jumping. J Appl Physiol 90: 1349-1358, 2001.

45. Kutz, MR. Theoretical and practical applications for plyometrics training. NSCA Perform Train J 2: 10-13, 2003.

46. Latash, ML and Zatsiorski, VM. Joint stiffness: myth or reality? Hum Mov Sci 12: 653-692, 1993.

47. Lindstedt, SL, Reich, TE, Keim, P, and Lastayo, PC. Do muscles function as adaptable locomotor springs? J Exp Biol 205: 2211-2216, 2002.

48. Liu, Y, Peng, CH, Wei, SH, Chi, JC, Tsai, FR, and Chen, JY. Active leg stiffness and energy stored in the muscles during maximal counter movement in the aged. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 16: 342-351, 2006.

49. McMahon, TA, Valiant, G, and Frederick, EC. Groucho running. J Appl Physiol 62: 2326-2337, 1987.

50. Muraoka T, Muramatsu, T, Fukanaga, T, and Kanehisa, H. Influence of tendon slack on electromechanical delay in the human medial gastrocnemius in vivo. J Appl Physiol 96: 540-544, 2004.

51. Myer, GD, Ford, KR, Brent, JL, and Hewett, TE. The effects of plyometric vs. dynamic stabilization and balance training on power, balance, and landing force in female athletes. J Strength Cond Res 20: 345-353, 2006.

52. Potteiger, JA, Lockwood, RH, Haub, MD, Dolezal, BA, Almuzaini, KS, Schroeder, JM, and Zebas, CJ. Muscle power and fiber characteristics following 8 weeks of plyometric training. J Strength Cond Res 13: 275-279, 1999.

53. Riemann, B and Lephart, S. The sensorimotor system, part II: The role of proprioception in motor control and functional joint stability. J Athl Train 37: 80-84, 2002.

54. Rimmer, E and Sleivert, G. Effects of a plyometrics intervention program on sprint performance. J Strength Cond Res 14: 295-301, 2000.

55. Schmidt, RA and Lee, TL. Motor Control and Learning (3rd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1999.

56. Schmidtbleicher, D. Training for power events. In: The Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine. Vol 3: Strength and Power in Sport. P.V. Komi, ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1992. pp. 169-179.

57. Spurrs, RW, Murphy, AJ, and Watsford, ML. The effect of plyometric training on distance running performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 89: 1-7, 2003.

58. Turner, AM, Owings, M, and Schwane, JA. Improvement in running economy after 6 weeks of plyometric training. J Strength Cond Res 17: 60-67, 2003.

59. Van Ingen Schenau, GJ, Bobbert, MF, and De Hann, A. Does elastic energy enhance work and efficiency in the stretch shortening cycle? J Appl Biomech 13: 389-415, 1997.

60. Van Ingen Schenau, GJ, Bobbert, MF, and De Hann, A. Mechanics and energetics of the stretch shortening cycle: a stimulating discussion. J Appl Biomech 13: 484-496, 1997.

61. Vos, EJ, Harlaar, J, and Van Ingen Schenau, GJ. Electromechanical delay during knee extensor contractions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 23: 1187-1193, 1991.

62. Wilk, KE. Stretch-shortening drills for the upper extremities: theory and clinical application. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 17: 225-234, 1993.

63. Wilson, GJ, Elliott, BC, and Wood, GA. The effect on performance of imposing a delay during a stretch-shorten cycle movement. Med Sci Sports Exerc 23: 364-370, 1991.

64. Wilson, GJ, Murphy, AJ, and Pryor, JF. Musculotendinous stiffness: its relationship to eccentric, isometric, and concentric performance. J Appl Physiol 76: 2714-2719, 1994.

65. Young, W. Laboratory strength assessment of athletes. New Stud Athlet 10:88-96, 1995.

66. Zatsiorsky, VM. Science and Practice of Strength Training. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1995.

67. Zatsiorsky, VM. The review is nice. I disagree with it. J Appl Biomech 13: 479-483, 1997.
J'ai mal de partout
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Force et énergie élastique

Messagepar delacouleur le 21/01/2011 09h43

haaaaaaaa

J'y ai accès en fait... juste par proquest et non par scifinder ou ma BU...

C'est toujours aussi simple, ils savent vraiment comment rendre la vie plus dure aux chercheurs...

celui qui la veut me la demande par MP
J'ai mal de partout
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Force et énergie élastique

Messagepar Rudy le 21/01/2011 10h16

xot a écrit:un abonnement pour les admins de SP c'est pas envisageable? financé par les bannières de pub/tshirts et cie...


Ca ne m'intéresse pas du tout :-)
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Force et énergie élastique

Messagepar blondin le 21/01/2011 10h52

puisqu'on parle science de la musculation et performance d'entrainement, j'en profite pour signaler ici également que nous sommes en train de structurer un projet de machine générateur d'effort numérique.

Le système reproduira parfaitement les sensations de la gravité et de la fonte, et permettra notamment de travailler en isocinétique, négatif accentué, simuler l'ajout d'élastiques ou de chaines et plus globalement de construire n'importe quelle courbe d'effort sur l'ensemble de l'amplitude du mouvement. Le tout sous un monitoring précis (courbes, comptages auto de séries, reps, enregistrement des séances, etc). Et à un tarif voulu abordable.

Un proto existe. Bruno, le concepteur, a fait un site perso que je vous encourage a visiter pour ceux qui sont intéressés :

Michael connait le projet. Tout avis et/ou soutien sera le bienvenu.
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Force et énergie élastique

Messagepar Rudy le 21/01/2011 10h56

Très intéressant ! :cool:
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Force et énergie élastique

Messagepar delacouleur le 21/01/2011 14h17

Pour précision, j'ai accès a toutes pub, ça veut pas dire que je vais fournir les 67 ref hein :cool:

Donc m'envoyez pas des listes, je veux bien aider si vous avez une ou deux ref, mais pas 67 hein...
dépanner ok, être la documentaliste du site :ill:

ça prends du temps de prendre une ref, et c'est pas légale d'utiliser les accès pour raisons personnelles.

donc ça

Bonjour delacouleur

Puisque tu le proposes si gentiment :p , pourrais-tu m'adresser les études suivantes, si tu y a encore accès (il y en a bcp qui m'intéressent, donc ne te stresses pas, fais ce que tu peux).

Merci d'avance


1. Arampatzis, A, Shade, F, Walsh, M, and Bruggemann, GP. Influence of leg stiffness and its effect on myodynamic jumping performance. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 11: 355-364, 2001.

2. Behm, DG, Bambury, A, Cahill, F, and Power, K. Effect of acute static stretching on force, balance, reaction time, and movement time. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36: 1397-1402, 2004.

4. Bobbert, MF and Castus, LJ. Is the effect of a countermovement on jump height due to active state development? Med Sci Sports Exerc 37: 440-446, 2005.

5. Bobbert, MF and Van Zandwijk, JP. Dynamics of force and muscle stimulation in human vertical jumping. Med Sci Sports Exerc 3: 303-310, 1999.

6. Bonfim, TR, Jansen, PCA, and Barela, JA. Proprioceptive and behavior impairments in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed knees. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 84: 1217-1223, 2003.

7. Bosco, C, Vitasalo, JT, Komi, PV, and Luhtanen, P. Potentiation during stretch-shortening cycle exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 114: 557-565, 1982.

9. Butler, RJ, Crowell, HP, and Davis, IM. Lower extremity stiffness: implications for performance and injury. Clin Biomech 18: 511-517, 2003.

10. Cavagna, GA, Dustman, B, and Margaria, R. Positive work done by a previously stretched muscle. J Appl Physiol 24: 21-32, 1968.

11. Cavagna, GA, Komarek, L, and Mazzoleni, S. The mechanics of sprint running. J Appl Physiol 217: 709-721, 1971.

12. Cavagna, GA, Saibene, FP, and Margaria, R. Effect of negative work on the amount of positive work performed by an isolated muscle. J Appl Physiol 20: 157-158, 1965.

13. Cornwell, A, Nelson, AG, and Sidaway, B. Acute effects of stretching on the neuromechanical properties of the triceps surae muscle complex. Eur J Appl Physiol 86: 428-434, 2002.

14. Cramer, JT, Housh, TJ, Johnson, GO, Miller, M, Coburn, JW, and Beck, TW. Acute effects of static stretching on peak torque in women. J Strength Cond Res 18: 236-241, 2004.

15. Cramer, JT, Housh, TJ, Weir, JP, Johnson, GO, Coburn, JW, and Beck, TW. The acute effects of static stretching on peak torque, mean power output, electromyography, and mechanomyography. Eur J Appl Physiol 93: 530-539, 2005.

18. Enoka, RM. Neuromechanics of Human Movement (3rd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2002.

19. Farley, CT, Houdijk, HP, Strien, CV, and Louie, M. Mechanism of leg stiffness adjustment for hopping on surfaces of different stiffness. J Appl Physiol 85: 1044-1055, 1998.

20. Finni, T, Ikegawa, S, Lepola, V, and Komi, P. In vivo behavior of vastus lateralis muscle during dynamic performances. Eur J Sport Sci 1: 1-13, 2001.

24. Fowles, JR, Sale, DG, and MacDougall, JD. Reduced strength after passive stretch of the human plantar flexors. J Appl Physiol 89: 1179-1188, 1999.

25. Fukunaga, T, Kawakami, Y, Kubo, K, and Kanehisa, H. Muscle and tendon interaction during human movements. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 30: 106-110, 2002.

28. Hay, JG. Mechanical basis of strength expression. In: Strength and Power in Sport. P.V. Komi, ed. London/Edinburgh: Boston, 1992. pp. 154-184.

29. Hedrick, A, Dahoda, J, Rogers, R, and Bennett, S. Learning from each other: plyometric training. Strength Cond J 25: 53-54, 2003.

31. Herzog, W. What is the series elastic component in skeletal muscle? J Appl Biomech 13: 443-447, 1997.

32. Hewett, TE, Lindenfeld, TN, Riccobene, JV, and Noyes, FR. The effect of neuromuscular training on the incidence of knee injury in female athletes. Am J Sports Med 27: 699-705, 1999.

36. Hurd, WJ, Chmielewski, TL, and Snyder-Mackler, L. Perturbation-enhanced neuromuscular training alters muscle activity in female athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 14: 60-69, 2006.

37. Ishikawa, M, Komi, PV, Grey, MJ, Lepola, V, and Bruggmann, GP. Muscle-tendon interaction and elastic energy usage in human walking. J Appl Physiol 99: 603-608, 2005.

38. Kisner, C and Colby, LA. Therapeutic Exercise Foundations and Technique. Philadelphia: FA Davis, 1996.

39. Knuttgen, HG and Komi, PV. Basic definitions for exercise. In: Strength and Power in Sport. P.V. Komi, ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science. pp. 3-10, 2003.

40. Komi, PV and Gollhofer, A. Stretch reflexes can have an important role in force enhancement during SSC exercise. J Appl Biomech 13: 451-460, 1997.

41. Kryolainen, H, Komi PV, and Bell, A. I. Changes in muscle activity patterns and kinetics with increasing running speed. J Strength Cond Res 13: 400-406, 1999.

42. Kubo, K, Kanehisa, H, Takeshita, D, Kawakami, Y, Fukashiro, S, and Fukunaga, T. In vivo dynamics of human medial gastrocnemius muscle-tendon complex during stretch-shortening cycle exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 170: 127-135, 2000.

43. Kuitunen, S, Komi, PV, and Kryolainen, H. Knee and ankle joint stiffness in sprint running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34: 166-173, 2002.

44. Kurokawa, S, Fukunaga, T, and Fukashiro, S. Behavior of fascicles and tendinous structures of human gastrocnemius during vertical jumping. J Appl Physiol 90: 1349-1358, 2001.

45. Kutz, MR. Theoretical and practical applications for plyometrics training. NSCA Perform Train J 2: 10-13, 2003.

46. Latash, ML and Zatsiorski, VM. Joint stiffness: myth or reality? Hum Mov Sci 12: 653-692, 1993.

47. Lindstedt, SL, Reich, TE, Keim, P, and Lastayo, PC. Do muscles function as adaptable locomotor springs? J Exp Biol 205: 2211-2216, 2002.

48. Liu, Y, Peng, CH, Wei, SH, Chi, JC, Tsai, FR, and Chen, JY. Active leg stiffness and energy stored in the muscles during maximal counter movement in the aged. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 16: 342-351, 2006.

49. McMahon, TA, Valiant, G, and Frederick, EC. Groucho running. J Appl Physiol 62: 2326-2337, 1987.

50. Muraoka T, Muramatsu, T, Fukanaga, T, and Kanehisa, H. Influence of tendon slack on electromechanical delay in the human medial gastrocnemius in vivo. J Appl Physiol 96: 540-544, 2004.

51. Myer, GD, Ford, KR, Brent, JL, and Hewett, TE. The effects of plyometric vs. dynamic stabilization and balance training on power, balance, and landing force in female athletes. J Strength Cond Res 20: 345-353, 2006.

52. Potteiger, JA, Lockwood, RH, Haub, MD, Dolezal, BA, Almuzaini, KS, Schroeder, JM, and Zebas, CJ. Muscle power and fiber characteristics following 8 weeks of plyometric training. J Strength Cond Res 13: 275-279, 1999.

53. Riemann, B and Lephart, S. The sensorimotor system, part II: The role of proprioception in motor control and functional joint stability. J Athl Train 37: 80-84, 2002.

54. Rimmer, E and Sleivert, G. Effects of a plyometrics intervention program on sprint performance. J Strength Cond Res 14: 295-301, 2000.

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oubliez

J'ai pas de grand savoir en muscu, j'en ai pleins qui ne vous servirons jamais, mais si je peux aider il n'y a pas de problème
J'ai mal de partout
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delacouleur
 
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Force et énergie élastique

Messagepar Alban le 21/01/2011 15h01

delacouleur : milles mercis :!:

Pour le moment pas besoin d'autre article. On va déjà s'attaquer à celui de revue.
Bon allez, un dernier calcul et on s'en va.
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Alban
 
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