Based on limited numbers of users and cases, this cohort study suggests that supplementation of antioxidant vitamins might possibly reduce cancer and all-cause mortality. The significantly increased risks of cancer and all-cause mortality among baseline non-users who started taking supplements during follow-up may suggest a "sick-user effect," which researchers should be cautious of in future observational studies.
In conclusion, this study provides no evidence that any vitamin/mineral or multivitamin supplementation may reduce the risks of cancer, CVD, or all-cause mortality.
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